This type of finance comprises loans to private market investment funds in areas such as private equity, private debt, infrastructure, and real estate. It can benefit both the managers/general partners (GPs) of funds as well as a fund’s investors.
Lifecycle support
GPs require liquidity to fund investment activity and support portfolio companies during various stages of a fund’s lifecycle. One type of fund finance, subscription line loans, are a form of credit used by funds to bridge their investment activity, delaying the drawdown of capital from investors. It offers clarity on the timing of capital calls so investors can manage their cash productively.
High inflation and a rise in interest rates have driven up yields. We believe it's a good time for a strategic allocation to assets offering attractive yields with some protection against negative rate movements – for example, via floating rates.
The ideal duration?
In fund finance, interest “coupons” are reset in line with a floating reference rate. Frequent interest resets mean floating-rate loans have near-zero duration. If reference rates continue to rise, so do the interest coupons paid on underlying loans – increasing income to investors.
The three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate stands at 5.36%, leading to all-in yields of around 7.36% for certain investment grade, short-maturity subscription line facilities.1
More-than-enough capital
Importantly, in fund finance, rising yields don’t necessarily equate to a deterioration in credit risk. Subscription line loans are largely short-tenor, investment-grade assets where credit risk is diversified across a large group of high-quality institutional investors.
Furthermore, over-collateralization – more than enough capital to cover potential losses – first-ranking senior security and financial covenants are features of most subscription line facilities. Senior debt is paid out first if a fund runs into financial trouble – one of the best defenses a debt investor can have.
The diversification of credit risk in a subscription line also frequently equates to low levels of correlation with other asset classes, providing potential diversification benefits for investors at a portfolio level.
A popular market
Market dynamics drove global demand for subscription financing to more than $900 billion annually by the end of 2022, and we see reasons to believe this demand will grow.2
Allocations to alternative assets, including private market funds, continue to expand. Globally, fundraising in private equity markets reached an estimated $1.3 trillion in 2022.3 Large banks have been the main providers of fund finance. But they have found it difficult to keep pace with demand amid tighter capital constraints from regulators. Many banks have hit internal lending limits and been forced to syndicate a larger part of their fund finance facilities.
Consequently, banks are reaching out to lending partners including asset managers so that they can continue to support private market clients while meeting their capital requirements.
Attractive premiums
Recent bank failures in the US and Europe have also removed supply from the fund finance market. As a result, GPs and financial sponsors have become more sensitive to bank counterparty risk and are also seeking to diversify by working with non-bank lenders.
This contraction in supply has been positive for fund-finance providers, enabling them to capture more attractive liquidity premiums. Since the first half of 2022, loan margins for short-tenor, investment-grade transactions have risen by about 50 basis points.4
Well-suited to asset owners
Fund finance is well-suited to asset owners with capital-efficient investment objectives. This is due to its credit quality, short duration, yield enhancement potential, uncorrelated returns, low volatility, structural protection, and bespoke cashflows that can be used to match liabilities.
Overseeing investments can be challenging given the complexities of credit underwriting and loan documentation, allied to the time-consuming demands of due diligence and cash management.
Institutional investors might turn to asset managers with fund finance experience and broad capabilities in credit and liquidity management, currency hedging, and operational, legal, and structuring expertise. Well-connected managers can also source loans in different currencies with a range of tenors and pricing options, or that meet non-financial objectives such as Environmental, Social, and Governance strategies, for instance.
Final thoughts
We believe now is a good time to participate in fund financing because opportunities are increasing, and risk-adjusted returns have become more attractive. In our view, the strategy offers significant potential as a marriage of convenience for institutional investors and asset managers.
1 Federal Reserve Bank of New York, January 2024.
2 abrdn, December 2022.
3 "Behind the Numbers: The 2022 Fund Finance Market." 2022 Cadwalader Finance Forum, Charlotte, North Carolina, October 27, 2022.
4 abrdn, January 2024.
Important information
Alternative investments involve specific risks that may be greater than those associated with traditional investments; are not suitable for all clients; and are intended for experienced and sophisticated investors who meet specific suitability requirements and are willing to bear the high economic risks of the investment. Investments of this type may engage in speculative investment practices; carry additional risk of loss, including the possibility of partial or total loss of invested capital, due to the nature and volatility of the underlying investments; and are generally considered to be illiquid due to restrictive repurchase procedures. These investments may also involve different regulatory and reporting requirements, complex tax structures, and delays in distributing important tax information.
Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss in a declining market.
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